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    Exam Review

    1. During dehydration, what mechanism do the kidneys use to conserve water?
      A)
      Increasing antidiuretic hormone secretion
      B)
      Increasing sodium excretion
      C)
      Increasing urine production
      D)
      Decreasing renin secretion
    2. In the context of emphysema, which of the following best explains the mechanism underlying impaired gas exchange?
      A)
      Increased number of alveoli
      B)
      Enhanced pulmonary blood flow
      C)
      Increased elasticity of lung tissue
      D)
      Destruction of alveolar walls
    3. A patient presents with a sudden onset of shortness of breath and chest pain. A pulmonary embolism is suspected. What is the primary effect of a pulmonary embolism on gas exchange?
      A)
      Decreased alveolar surface area
      B)
      Enhanced diffusion of gases
      C)
      Increased alveolar ventilation
      D)
      Reduced pulmonary blood flow
    4. What is the primary action of aldosterone in the nephron?
      A)
      Increasing sodium reabsorption
      B)
      Enhancing potassium reabsorption
      C)
      Blocking renin secretion
      D)
      Promoting water excretion
    Page 1 of 13

    Exam Review

    1. What is the primary role of the glomerulus in the nephron?
      A)
      Reabsorption of water
      B)
      Secretion of wastes
      C)
      Production of hormones
      D)
      Filtration of blood
    2. A patient with interstitial lung disease is experiencing hypoxemia. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the impaired gas exchange?
      A)
      Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane
      B)
      Increased alveolar ventilation
      C)
      Enhanced capillary perfusion
      D)
      Decreased diffusion capacity of CO2
    3. A patient is experiencing muscle cramps and confusion. Blood tests reveal a sodium level of 125 mEq/L Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?
      A)
      Provide a high-sodium diet.
      B)
      Administer hypotonic saline solution.
      C)
      Restrict oral fluid intake.
      D)
      Encourage the patient to drink more water.
    4. What is the primary role of intrinsic factor in vitamin absorption?
      A)
      It assists in the absorption of vitamin A in the liver.
      B)
      It aids in the absorption of vitamin D in the kidneys.
      C)
      It helps in the absorption of vitamin C in the stomach.
      D)
      It binds to vitamin B12 to facilitate its absorption in the ileum.
    Page 2 of 13

    Exam Review

    1. A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a female client about preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?
      A)
      Wear underwear made from nylon.
      B)
      Drink 16 oz of cranberry juice each day.
      C)
      Use an over-the-counter douche product after intercourse.
      D)
      Wait to void until the bladder feels full.
    2. Which hormone, secreted by the kidneys, stimulates red blood cell production?
      A)
      Antidiuretic hormone
      B)
      Renin
      C)
      Aldosterone
      D)
      Erythropoietin
    3. A patient presents with pernicious anemia. Which of the following is likely deficient?
      A)
      Folic acid
      B)
      Intrinsic factor
      C)
      Vitamin D
      D)
      Iron
    4. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing water and nutrients?
      A)
      Collecting duct
      B)
      Glomerulus
      C)
      Loop of Henle
      D)
      Proximal convoluted tubule
    Page 3 of 13

    Exam Review

    1. A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has constipation. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
      A)
      Add fluid and fiber to the diet.
      B)
      Avoid gas-producing foods.
      C)
      Request that the provider prescribe a stool softener.
      D)
      Promote active range-of-motion activities.
    2. Which structure within the nephron is primarily responsible for the filtration of blood?
      A)
      Collecting duct
      B)
      Loop of Henle
      C)
      Distal convoluted tubule
      D)
      Bowman's capsule
    3. A nurse is preparing to administer amoxicillin 350 mg PO. Available is amoxicillin 250 mg/5 mL. How many mL should the nurse administer? (Round to the nearest whole number.)
    4. What is the consequence of intrinsic factor not binding to vitamin B12?
      A)
      Vitamin B12 is stored in excess in the liver.
      B)
      Vitamin B12 is not absorbed and can lead to deficiency.
      C)
      Vitamin B12 is converted to its inactive form.
      D)
      Vitamin B12 is excreted through the respiratory system.
    Page 4 of 13

    Exam Review

    1. A patient with pneumonia presents with hypoxia. Which pathophysiological process is primarily responsible for this condition?
      A)
      Increased alveolar ventilation
      B)
      Impaired alveolar gas exchange
      C)
      Decreased alveolar perfusion
      D)
      Enhanced diffusion of carbon dioxide
    2. Why is vitamin B12 deficiency common in patients with pernicious anemia?
      A)
      Intrinsic factor enhances vitamin B12 storage, which is impaired in pernicious anemia.
      B)
      Due to the lack of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed.
      C)
      Intrinsic factor is destroyed by liver enzymes, leading to deficiency.
      D)
      Excessive excretion of vitamin B12 in urine is the primary cause.
    3. A patient presents with metabolic alkalosis. Which of the following is a likely contributing factor?
      A)
      Chronic diarrhea.
      B)
      Hypoventilation.
      C)
      Excessive vomiting.
      D)
      Renal failure.
    4. What role does the nephron play in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance?
      A)
      It absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.
      B)
      It secretes hormones to regulate blood pressure.
      C)
      It facilitates gas exchange in the lungs.
      D)
      It filters blood and forms urine.
    Page 5 of 13

    Exam Review

    1. A nurse is caring for a client who is rehabilitating from injuries resulting from a motor vehicle crash. Which of the following client statements should the nurse identify as the priority?
      A)
      "I'm scared that my partner will leave me if I can't recover from these injuries."
      B)
      "I don't feel like I'm able to take care of my family anymore."
      C)
      "I have not been able to sleep at night because it hurts when I move."
      D)
      "I will not be able to do my job as a result of these injuries."
    2. How does the kidney respond to low systemic blood pressure?
      A)
      By increasing urine production
      B)
      By producing erythropoietin
      C)
      By excreting more sodium
      D)
      By releasing renin to activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
    3. How does a deficiency in intrinsic factor affect the body's ability to maintain adequate vitamin B12 levels?
      A)
      It enhances the metabolism of vitamin B12 in the liver.
      B)
      It leads to decreased absorption of vitamin B12, causing deficiency.
      C)
      It boosts the storage of vitamin B12 in muscle tissues.
      D)
      It increases the excretion of vitamin B12 through urine.
    4. How do the kidneys contribute to the regulation of blood pH?
      A)
      Releasing erythropoietin
      B)
      Producing intrinsic factor
      C)
      Increasing respiratory rate
      D)
      Excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate
    Page 6 of 13