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    Exam Review

    1. What happens to the various anion levels in the bloodstream during diabetic ketoacidosis?
      A)
      Both the anion gap and the HCO2 levels decrease.
      B)
      Both the anion gap and the HCO3 levels increase.
      C)
      The anion gap level decreases, whereas the HCO3 level increases.
      D)
      The anion gap level increases, whereas the HCO3 level decreases.
    2. Which substance helps to maintain oncotic pressure in the vascular system?
      A)
      Albumin
      B)
      Chloride
      C)
      Phosphate
      D)
      Potassium
    3. A patient presents with altered mental status and decreased fluid intake. The patient is diagnosed with a urinary tract infection Laboratory testing of electrolytes reveals sodium 167 mmol/L and potassium 4.0 mmol/L. Which electrolyte imbalance is this patient experiencing?
      A)
      Hypokalemia
      B)
      Hyperkalemia
      C)
      Hyponatremia
      D)
      Hypernatremia
    4. A patient presents with anemia, jaundice, fever, and malaise due to destruction of red blood cells. Which infectious disease does this describe?
      A)
      Lyme disease
      B)
      Malaria.
      C)
      West Nile virus
      D)
      H1N1 flu
    Page 1 of 12

    Exam Review

    1. Which electrolyte imbalance may cause muscle weakness, palpitations, and diarrhea?
      A)
      Hyperchloremia
      B)
      Hyperkalemia
      C)
      Hypophosphatemia
      D)
      Hyponatremia
    2. What are clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?
      A)
      Gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea
      B)
      Gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and constipation
      C)
      Neurological symptoms such as confusion, irritability, or lethargy
      D)
      Neurological symptoms such as numbness and tingling of the hands and feet
    3. What are B cells?
      A)
      A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies
      B)
      A type of cell that makes hormones and enzymes
      C)
      Cells that release histamine during the inflammatory response
      D)
      Cells that eat pathogens and destroy them
    4. What appropriately describes innate immunity?
      A)
      The process by which the body automatically reacts to tissue injured by trauma or bacteria
      B)
      The set of proteins that enhance the ability of the body to initiate the inflammatory response, attack a pathogen, and remove damaged cell material
      C)
      The process in which endothelial cells are separated away from each other, making the capillaries larger
      D)
      The general pathogen fighting system people are born with that does not change over time
    Page 2 of 12

    Exam Review

    1. What is the term for the process by which the body automatically reacts to tissue injured by trauma or bacteria?
      A)
      Vasodilation
      B)
      Innate immunity
      C)
      Adaptive or acquired immunity
      D)
      Inflammatory response
    2. What describes a gene when the same allele is inherited from both parents?
      A)
      Dominant
      B)
      Homozygous
      C)
      Heterozygous
      D)
      Recessive
    3. Which accurately describes a chromosomal alteration?
      A)
      Type 2 DM (T2DM) is caused by family history, behavior, and other factors.
      B)
      Y chromosome as hemophilia is associated with the X chromosome.
      C)
      Hypertension is always linked to the Y chromosome and environmental factors.
      D)
      Turner's syndrome is a disorder in which a female has a completely or partially missing X chromosome
    4. A parent of a newborn diagnosed with Down syndrome asks the nurse how this will affect the newborn's development. What do individuals with this condition commonly experience?
      A)
      Individuals with Down syndrome commonly experience clotting disorders.
      B)
      Individuals with Down syndrome commonly experience intellectual disabilities.
      C)
      Individuals with Down syndrome commonly experience bone marrow suppression.
      D)
      Individuals with Down syndrome commonly experience muscular hypertrophy.
    Page 3 of 12

    Exam Review

    1. A patient has tremors, bradykinesia, and abnormal gait. The patient is taking anticholinergics, however, the symptoms are aggravated. A neurologist treats the patient with deep brain stimulation. Which condition is being described?
      A)
      Cerebral aneurysm
      B)
      Multiple sclerosis
      C)
      Parkinson disease
      D)
      Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    2. A patient presents with an inability to close one eye completely and paralysis. The patient reports pain in the jaw and a headache before the paralysis occurred. Which disorder is described?
      A)
      Migraine headache
      B)
      Cerebral aneurysm
      C)
      Bell palsy
      D)
      Epilepsy
    3. What disorder of vision is characterized by pressure on the optic nerve from elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)?
      A)
      Diabetic retinopathy
      B)
      Age-related macular degeneration
      C)
      Cataracts
      D)
      Glaucoma
    4. What is the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis?
      A)
      Progressive destruction of the cells of the substantia nigra
      B)
      Damage to the cells of the basal ganglia and cortex
      C)
      Progressive destruction and weakening of the skeletal muscles
      D)
      Damage to the myelin of the peripheral nervous system
    Page 4 of 12

    Exam Review

    1. A patient presents to the emergency department complaining of a sudden onset of speech impairment, severe headache, falling down while standing, and inability to move the arm and leg on the right side. A CT scan and a MRA were performed and showed an occlusion of blood vessels. Which condition is described?
      A)
      Hemorrhagic stroke
      B)
      Cerebral aneurysm
      C)
      Epilepsy
      D)
      Ischemic stroke
    2. What are known triggers for vaso-occlusive crises, such as Sickle Cell Disease?
      A)
      High fat diet and hyperoxia
      B)
      Reduced stress and warm environmental temperature
      C)
      Acidosis and dehydration
      D)
      Alkalosis and insomnia
    3. What will a patient experience when blood flow to a section of the heart muscle becomes blocked due to a blood clot?
      A)
      Myocardial infarction
      B)
      Cardiac arrest
      C)
      Atrial fibrillation
      D)
      Cor pulmonale
    4. Which condition is characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris on the inner layers of the walls of large- and medium-sized arteries?
      A)
      Atherosclerosis
      B)
      Pulmonary hypertension
      C)
      Thrombophlebitis
      D)
      Lymphedema
    Page 5 of 12

    Exam Review

    1. Which condition is a result of the local dilation of a blood vessel due to weakening of its walls?
      A)
      Sclerosis
      B)
      Thrombus
      C)
      Embolus
      D)
      Aneurysm
    2. A 50-year-old patient with essential hypertension was involved in a car accident and presented with sudden, severe back and abdominal pain due to local dilation of the abdominal artery. Which condition does this describe?
      A)
      Phlebitis
      B)
      Aneurysm
      C)
      Embolus
      D)
      Thrombus
    3. What are symptoms associated with hemolytic anemia?
      A)
      Fatigue and pallor
      B)
      Koilonychias and foot pain
      C)
      Anxiety and bradycardia
      D)
      Pica and Hair loss
    4. Which factor contributes to thrombus formation?
      A)
      Decreased coagulability
      B)
      Intact endothelium
      C)
      Decreased red blood cells
      D)
      Stasis of blood flow
    Page 6 of 12