NursGuru
    Login/Signup
    Review ModeExam ModePractice Mode

    Exam Review

    1. What cardiovascular pathophysiological change should the nurse anticipate when planning care for an older adult client?
      A)
      Increased arterial elasticity resulting in improved diastolic filling
      B)
      Increased sinoatrial node automaticity resulting in a faster resting heart rate
      C)
      The client will have a decrease in arterial compliance due to vessel stiffness, leading to increased systolic blood pressure
      D)
      Enhanced baroreceptor sensitivity improves blood pressure regulation
    2. What manifestations are associated with poor cerebral perfusion in a client?
      A)
      Alert, oriented, skin pink and warm, capillary refill < 3 seconds
      B)
      Confusion, hypotension, capillary refill > 3 seconds
      C)
      Normal blood pressure, bounding peripheral pulses
      D)
      Hypotension, alert and oriented, skin pink and warm
    3. A client seeks treatment in the hospital emergency department for a lower leg injury. Deformity of the lower portion of the leg is evident, and the injured leg appears shorter than the other. The area is painful, swollen, and beginning to become ecchymosis. The nurse interprets that this client has experienced which injury?
      A)
      Strain
      B)
      Contusion
      C)
      Sprain
      D)
      Fracture
    4. The nurse is caring for a client with a history of alcohol abuse. Which client statement demonstrates a correct understanding of how vitamin malabsorption can lead to anemia?
      A)
      "My alcohol use prevents my stomach from absorbing iron properly, which causes my red blood cells to be smaller than normal."
      B)
      "Drinking alcohol destroys the folic acid in my bloodstream, making it impossible for my body to produce enough red blood cells."
      C)
      "Alcohol damages my stomach lining, so I can't absorb vitamin B12 well, which can lead to large, immature red blood cells and anemia.
      D)
      "My liver damage from alcohol prevents it from storing thiamin, which is needed to make hemoglobin for my red blood cells."
    Page 1 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. A client develops a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the left leg. Which processes contribute to thrombus formation? (Select all that apply)
      (SATA)
      A)
      Inflammation promotes further coagulation
      B)
      Venous stasis promotes clot formation
      C)
      Endothelial anticoagulant activity increases
      D)
      Platelet adhesion and activation occur at sites of endothelial injury
      E)
      Fibrin forms a mesh that stabilizes the clot
    2. The nurse is assessing a client with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply)
      (SATA)
      A)
      Pleuritic chest pain
      B)
      hemoptysis
      C)
      Sudden onset of dyspnea
      D)
      Decreased oxygen saturation
      E)
      Purulent sputum
      F)
      Bradycardia
    3. A nurse is reviewing genetic inheritance with a male client who has Hemophilia A, an X-linked recessive disorder. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding of how he inherited this condition?
      A)
      "I inherited the hemophilia gene from my father, since males pass this disorder to their sons."
      B)
      "I inherited one affected gene from each of my parents, which caused my blood to clot too quickly."
      C)
      "My mother was a carrier of hemophilia, and I inherited the affected X chromosome from her."
      D)
      "My sisters have no risk of being carriers or affected by hemophilia, even if both parents are carriers."
    4. The nurse is caring for a client who is 70 years old who complains of increased weakness with daily activities. What statement by the client indicates a correct understanding of age-related changes to the musculoskeletal system that cause this manifestation?
      A)
      "My bones are getting denser as I age, which makes me use more effort to perform my daily activities."
      B)
      "My bone cells that build new bone are working faster than my bone resorption, leading to my weakness."
      C)
      "My muscle strength is decreasing along with my bone density, which requires me to rest more during activities."
      D)
      "My skin is getting thicker with more collagen, and an increase in my subcutaneous fat is causing stress on my joints."
    Page 2 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. A client with iron-deficiency anemia complains of feeling fatigued almost all the time. The nurse would respond with which statement?
      A)
      "Breathing is better when the client is anemic."
      B)
      "The body has to work harder to fight infection in the presence of anemia."
      C)
      "Blood flows more slowly when the hemoglobin or hematocrit is low."
      D)
      "Adequate amounts of hemoglobin are needed to carry oxygen for tissue metabolism."
    2. The nurse is reviewing the pathophysiology of blood pressure regulation. What should the nurse identify as the potential causes of hypertension? (Select all that apply)
      (SATA)
      A)
      Failure of baroreceptor reflexes leading to vasodilation
      B)
      Decreased release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
      C)
      Retention of sodium and water by the kidneys
      D)
      Increased peripheral vascular resistance from vasoconstriction
      E)
      Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
      F)
      Increased sympathetic nervous system activity, releasing norepinephrine
    3. A client is diagnosed with a third-degree (complete) heart block. What pathophysiologic processes are happening?
      A)
      The SA node conducts impulses to the ventricles at a rate of at least 40-60 beats per minute.
      B)
      The SA node impulses are blocked intermittently, causing alternating dropped and conducted P waves.
      C)
      The SA node stops generating impulses, forcing the AV node to take over electrical conduction.
      D)
      The SA node impulses fail to reach the ventricles, causing independent atrial and ventricular rhythms.
    4. Which pathophysiological conditions can lead to coronary artery disease? Select all that apply
      A)
      Hypertension
      B)
      Diabetes
      C)
      Pneumonia
      D)
      Flu
      E)
      Heart failure
      F)
      Sinus Arrhythmia
    Page 3 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. A client has coronary artery disease (CAD). The nurse is creating discharge education interventions to improve modifiable risk factors for this condition. Which instructions should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.)
      A)
      Maintain a hemoglobin A1C level of 9.8% (normal range: 0–5.7%)
      B)
      Increase dietary intake of saturated fats
      C)
      Tobacco cessation
      D)
      Engage in regular physical exercise
      E)
      Practice stress-reduction techniques
    2. A nurse is caring for a client with excessive fibrinolysis. What causes increased bleeding with this condition?
      A)
      Normal clot formation is prevented due to a decrease in plasminogen level.
      B)
      Rapid clot formation and dissolution happen due to an increase in thrombin.
      C)
      Coagulation is impaired when plasmin destroys fibrin in platelet plugs.
      D)
      Tissue plasminogen activator (1-PA) secretion is blocked, preventing clot breakdown.
    3. A nurse is developing a lung cancer prevention education program for a diverse community group. Which statement by a participant indicates a correct understanding of multiple risk factors for lung cancer?
      A)
      Radon gas is only a concern in newer homes with modern construction materials, so older homes are safe from this risk."
      B)
      "As long as I quit smoking, my family history and workplace exposures won't affect my lung cancer risk."
      C)
      "My risk includes cigarette smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke at work, and the radon levels in my basement."
      D)
      "Air pollution only affects people who smoke, so nonsmokers don't need to worry about environmental exposures."
    4. A client is in the early (compensatory) stage of shock. Which response occurs as the body attempts to maintain blood pressure?
      A)
      Skin becomes warm and flushed.
      B)
      Blood vessels dilate, and heart rate decreases.
      C)
      The body is constricting blood vessels to redirect blood to vital organs like the brain and heart, while the heart beats faster to maintain blood pressure
      D)
      Urine output increases.
    Page 4 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. Which of the following best describes the primary pathophysiologic event that initiates a myocardial infarction?
      A)
      Coronary artery dilation causes increased blood flow to the heart muscle.
      B)
      Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque with subsequent thrombus formation.
      C)
      Embolism from a distant source lodging in a pulmonary artery.
      D)
      Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy leading to outflow obstruction.
    2. A nurse is caring for two clients with impaired oxygenation. Client has pneumonia with thick mucus in the alveoli. Client 2 has a pulmonary embolism affecting the right lung. After administering oxygen therapy. Client T's oxygen saturation improves, but Client 2's oxygen saturation remains low. Why does Client 1 respond better to oxygen therapy than Client 2?
      A)
      Client 1's (pneumonia) airways are completely blocked, so oxygen cannot get through, while Client 2's (pulmonary embolism) airways are open
      B)
      Client 2 (pulmonary embolism) has too much blood flow and not enough at while Client 1 (pneumonia) has too much air and not enough blood flow
      C)
      Client 1 (pneumonia) has only partially blocked airways while Client 2 (pulmonary embolism) has a blockage of blood flow, preventing the blood from picking up oxygen
      D)
      Client 1 (pneumonia) has a higher cardiac output then Client 2 (pulmonary embolism), leading to increased thoracic pressure and peripheral vascular resistance
    3. The nurse instructs a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to use the pursed lip method of breathing and evaluates the teaching by asking the client about the purpose of this type of breathing. The nurse determines that the client understands if the client states that the primary purpose of pursed-lip breathing is to promote which outcome?
      A)
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      B)
      Strengthen the intercostal muscles
      C)
      Strengthen the diaphragm
      D)
      Promote carbon dioxide elimination
    4. A client with coronary artery disease reports chest pain while resting. What symptom is the client most likely experiencing?
      A)
      Variant angina
      B)
      Pleuritic pain
      C)
      Unstable angina
      D)
      intercostal pain
    Page 5 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. A nurse is teaching a client who will be in a cast for 6 weeks following a fracture. The client asks, "What will happen to my muscles while I can't move my leg? How to the nurse red??
      A)
      "The muscle tissue will die from lack of blood flow, similar to what happens during a heart attack."
      B)
      "The muscle cells will change into a different type of tissue to adapt to not being used."
      C)
      Hypertrophy may happen to this leg. Your muscles will actually get bigger and stronger
      D)
      Intercostal pain
    2. A nurse is explaining the effects that aging has on the respiratory system. What statement reflects a correct understanding of this process
      A)
      "The alveoli become stronger, creating alterations in ventilation and leading to air trapping due to their size."
      B)
      "The alveolar-capillary membrane becomes sclerotic and thickens with age, improving gas exchange and reducing lung volume."
      C)
      "The alveolar walls lose elastic fibers and diminish in thickness, causing the lungs to become more resistant to inflation."
      D)
      "The alveoli maintain their distensibility, but the increased surface area causes air to move better through the lungs."
    Page 6 of 6