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    Exam Review

    1. The basic principles relevant to the ethics of research involving human subjects are
      A)
      Beneficence
      B)
      Justice
      C)
      Respect for person
      D)
      All of the above
    2. Randomized-Controlled-Trial-(RCT)" are considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of new treatments."
      A)
      True
      B)
      False
    3. Which of the following represents an example of "attrition bias"?
      A)
      Participants changed their behavior upon realizing the purpose of the study
      B)
      Provider in a psychotherapy trial are aware of the investigators' hypotheses, and this knowledge unconsciously influence the way they rate participants' progress
      C)
      Some participants leave in the middle of the study because of bad experiences, unwanted side effects, or inadequate incentives for participation, among other reasons.
      D)
      Participants enrolled from a specific age group or those with mild symptoms may result in findings that are not generalizable to the broader population
    4. "The alternative hypothesis represents a theory that has been put forward, either because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for argument but has not been proved"
      A)
      True
      B)
      False
    Page 1 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. A "one-to-one interview" for detailed data collection on participant perspectives and experiences is often considered as an example of -
      A)
      Mixed research method
      B)
      Qualitative research method
      C)
      Quantitative research method
      D)
      All of the above
    2. Which of the following are characteristics of quantitative research? (Select all that apply)
      (SATA)
      A)
      More time efficient
      B)
      Test hypotheses
      C)
      It is more objective
      D)
      Data expressed in numbers, statistics
    3. A research question is essentially a hypothesis and should be an integral part in the following research structure
      A)
      Result
      B)
      Conclusion
      C)
      Introduction
      D)
      Method
    4. Which of the following statement(s) is true regarding data collection in a research study? (Select all that apply)
      (SATA)
      A)
      The protocol should clearly indicate how design aspects will happen
      B)
      Having a detailed procedure for collecting the data is important
      C)
      Getting the data collection correct first time is important
      D)
      Before collecting the data, a plan should be established to explains exactly how the data will be obtained
    Page 2 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. Which of the following statement(s) about clinical trial phases is TRUE? (Select all that apply)
      (SATA)
      A)
      Phase IV trials find more information about long-term benefits and side effects
      B)
      Phase III trials test if a new treatment is better than a standard treatment
      C)
      Phase I trials test the safety, side effects, best dose, and timing of a new treatment
      D)
      Phase II trials test the effectiveness of an experimental drug on a particular disease or condition as well as further assess the safety
    2. If you measure a cup of rice three times, and you get the same result (for example 5 grams) each time, that result is --------(A), and if the standard weight for a cup of rice is 5 grams, and you measure a cup of rice, and found the weight is 5 grams, that result is-------(В).
      A)
      A. Not reliable, B. Not valid
      B)
      A. Reliable, B. Not valid
      C)
      A. Reliable, B. Valid
      D)
      A. Not reliable, B. Valid
    3. What is the investigator's responsibility in assessing the risks and benefits according to the principles of the Belmont-Report?
      A)
      to examine whether the proposed research is properly designed
      B)
      to determine whether or not to participate in the research
      C)
      to determine whether the risks that will be presented to subjects are justified
      D)
      All of the above
    4. If the sample in a study is not representative of the larger population, what kind of bias does it impose?
      A)
      Measurement Bias
      B)
      Detection Bias
      C)
      Reporting Bias
      D)
      Selection Bias
    Page 3 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. In research, "decision" is made based on
      A)
      Observation
      B)
      Expectation
      C)
      Assumption
      D)
      All of the above
    2. Is the study qualitative or quantitative?
      A)
      Mix (both qualitative & quantitative)
      B)
      None of the above
      C)
      Qualitative
      D)
      Quantitative
    3. "Scientific approach is a systematic method of investigation based on evidence, observation, and critical thinking to test and refine theories about the natural world"
      A)
      True
      B)
      False
    4. Stratified Randomization ensure that
      A)
      Each treatment group has a similar distribution of important variables, which can improve the balance between treatment groups and increase the statistical power of the study
      B)
      The number of participants assigned to each treatment group is balanced within each block, which can help maintain balance between treatment groups throughout the study
      C)
      Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the treatment groups, making it a straightforward approach to achieve random allocation
      D)
      All of the above
    Page 4 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. The primary responsibility of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that the research study- (select all that apply)
      A)
      -meet commonly accepted ethical standards
      B)
      -comply with applicable regulations
      C)
      -protect research participants
      D)
      -follow institutional policies
    2. According to "Nuremberg Code" medical experimentation on human subject- (select all that apply)
      A)
      -must be conducted by qualified scientist
      B)
      -must avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering
      C)
      -must have the informed consent of the subject or their legal representative
      D)
      -is only justified if it benefits only researcher and stakeholders
      E)
      -must be based on animal testing and knowledge of the disease being studied
      F)
      -must not be conducted if they are likely to cause death or disabling injury
    3. In a clinical trial, why is it important to blind the study participants, investigators, and data analysts to treatment allocation?
      A)
      Blinding prevents researchers, participants and data analysts from subconsciously influencing the study results based on their knowledge of which treatment group a participant is in
      B)
      Blinding reduces bias arising from the beliefs and expectations of the researchers, participants and data analysts
      C)
      Blinding helps control for the placebo effect, where participants may experience positive outcomes simply because they believe they are receiving an active treatment
      D)
      All of the above
    4. "Research designates an activity designed to provide diagnosis, preventive treatment or therapy to particular individual"
      A)
      True
      B)
      False
    Page 5 of 6

    Exam Review

    1. Experimental studies are used to answer
      A)
      Descriptive research question
      B)
      Interventional research question
      C)
      Relational research question
    2. Consider the research question below Which are likely to be answered using "quantitative" research studies, and which are likely to be answered using "qualitative" research studies? 1. What percentage of the population experience minor side-effects from this medication? 2. Why do people opt to receive holistic medicine? Why do people opt to receive holistic medicine?
      A)
      1. Quantitative, 2. Qualitative
      B)
      1. Qualitative, 2. Qualitative
      C)
      1. Quantitative, 2. Quantitative
      D)
      1. Qualitative, 2. Quantitative
    3. Which of the following is a characteristic of Randomized-Controlled Trial (RCT)? (Select all that apply)
      A)
      -Control group receive a standard (no treatment or placebo) treatment
      B)
      -Provide the most direct evidence of cause-and-effect relationships between treatment and outcome
      C)
      -Treatment groups are compared over time to see how the treatments affect the participant
      D)
      -Participants are randomly assigned to groups to minimized biases
    4. The broad-objective of the Belmont-Report is to
      A)
      Protect all warm-blooded animals except rat, mice and birds bred for research and clinical trial
      B)
      Protect human subjects and animals in research and clinical trial
      C)
      Protect animals used in research and pre-clinical trial
      D)
      Protect human subjects in research and clinical trial
    Page 6 of 6