with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), who is using pursed-lip breathing and reporting a productive cough.

who had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy three hours ago and is reporting right shoulder pain and abdominal cramping.

with ulcerative colitis, who had three bloody stools in the past two hours and reporting abdominal cramping.

two hours postoperative following a tonsillectomy and is reporting throat pain while vomiting.