A. Genetic makeup is a non-modifiable risk factor because it cannot be changed or controlled by lifestyle modifications. A person’s inherited traits can predispose them to certain diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, or some cancers. Recognizing genetic risk helps in early screening and preventive care, but the risk itself cannot be altered. B. This is a modifiable risk factor, as individuals can improve their diet by choosing healthier foods, controlling portion sizes, and reducing intake of processed foods, thereby decreasing disease risk. C. Smoking is modifiable because it can be stopped through behavioral interventions, medications, and support programs. Quitting significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. D. Excessive sun exposure is also a modifiable risk factor. Protective measures like using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding peak sun hours can prevent skin damage and lower cancer risk.