A. Nitrofurantoin is generally avoided in the first trimester and near term due to potential risk of hemolytic anemia in the newborn. B. Erythromycin is considered safe during pregnancy and is commonly used to treat bacterial infections when penicillin alternatives are needed. C. Doxycycline is contraindicated during pregnancy because it can affect fetal bone and tooth development. D. Ciprofloxacin is generally avoided in pregnancy due to potential adverse effects on fetal cartilage development.