Choice C is correct. Frostbite destroys tissue and can cause a deep tetanus-prone wound. For this reason, it is recommended that clients with frostbite receive a tetanus immunization.

Choice D is correct. Submerging the lower extremity in a rapid rewarming water bath set at 99⁰ F to 102⁰ F (37⁰ C to 39⁰ C) is recommended to preserve tissue integrity.

Choice E is correct. Increasing levels of pain reported by the client following the administration of analgesics can be an early sign of compartment syndrome, and should be reported to the healthcare provider immediately.

Choice F is correct. Clients with frostbite should be assessed hourly for compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome is caused by severe neurovascular impairment and can lead to amputation of the affected limb. Early signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome include increasing pain after analgesics are administered and paresthesia, which is painful tingling and numbness of the affected limb.

Choice A is incorrect. Performing massage on the affected limb is contraindicated because this action can cause further damage to tissue integrity.

Choice B is incorrect. Applying dry heat to the affected limb is contraindicated because this action can cause further damage to tissue integrity.

✓ Following the proper rewarming process of frostbitten areas of the body, the injured areas should be handled gently and should be elevated above the level of the heart to decrease tissue edema.

✓ The nurse should anticipate diagnostic studies such as arteriography to evaluate perfusion to the injured area.

✓ Amputation may be indicated for clients with severe frostbite and those who develop gangrene or severe compartment syndrome.