Exam Review

What is the role of fluid balance in regulating body temperature?
A)
Fluids store heat inside the body's tissues
B)
Fluid shifts increase body temperature by reducing sweat production.
C)
Adequate hydration facilitates perspiration, whose evaporation helps to cool the body.
D)
It insulates the body against heat changes
E)
The fluid within the brain directly absorbs heat from the environment.
Proper fluid balance is irrelevant to the digestive process because digestive enzymes function independently of water.
A)
True
B)
False
Which clinical assessment for hydration status monitors for hypo- or hypertension, which can indicate dehydration or volume overload, respectively?
A)
Heart rate
B)
Respiratory rate
C)
Skin turgor
D)
Blood pressure
A clinician gently pinches the skin on the posterior of a patient's hand. The skin returns very slowly to its original position. What does this indicate about the patient's hydration status?
A)
Normal
B)
Overhydrated
C)
Dehydrated

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Which of the following best explains why severe dehydration can cause an increased respiratory rate?
A)
Because dehydration causes hypertension, increased perfusion and increased oxygen demand
B)
Because dehydration directly increases lung capacity.
C)
Because dehydration causes hypotension, decreased perfusion and metabolic acidosis, prompting respiratory compensation.
D)
Because dehydration leads to metabolic alkalosis.
Osmosis moves water from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.
A)
True
B)
False
A patient drinks a large amount of plain water rapidly. Identify the solution type that would describe the patient's plasma and how the direction of the fluid shift would affect the patient's cells.
A)
Hypotonic; swelling or lysis
B)
Isotonic; no change to the cells
C)
Hypotonic; crenation
D)
Hypertonic; swelling or lysis
E)
Hypertonic; crenation
The lab demonstrated an experiment where the volunteer exhaled into a basic solution with a pH indicator. How did the expired air affect the solution?
A)
It decreased the pH of the solution as it increased the amount of bicarbonate
B)
There was no change.
C)
It decreased the pH of the solution as it increases CO2 in the solution
D)
It increased the pH of the solution as it increases CO2 in the solution
E)
It increased the pH of the solution as it increased the amount of bicarbonate

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If an osmotic chamber experiment, as shown in the lab, demonstrates a minimal water movement across the membrane, what could be a potential explanation?
A)
There is an excessive amount of free water on one side.
B)
The solutes have all converted to free water.
C)
The membrane has too many aquaporins.
D)
Both sides of the membrane have an equal solute concentration (isotonic), resulting in no net movement of water.
A patient is experiencing prolonged vomiting, leading to excessive loss of stomach acid. Select how this condition shift the equation, the type of acid-base imbalance it creates, and the respiratory compensation that will occur.
A)
CO2 + H2O+ ↔ H2CO2+HCOs + H
B)
equation shifts left, respiratory acidosis, hypoventilation
C)
equation shifts right, metabolic alkalosis, hypoventilation
D)
equation shifts right, metabolic acidosis, hyperventilation
E)
equation shifts left, metabolic alkalosis, hyperventilation
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps regulate blood pH by shifting chemical equilibrium in response to CO2 and H concentration changes.
A)
True
B)
False
In respiratory acidosis, the equation (CO2 + H2O↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- +H+) shifts to the right because CO: retention increases H2CO3 levels, leading to more H production and a lower pH.
A)
True
B)
False

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Although it doesn't meet the technical definition of a nutrient, water is considered one because it:
A)
Is crucial for physiological processes.
B)
Contains amino acids.
C)
Helps regulate mood.
D)
Acts as a source of dietary fiber.
Which of the following best describes electrolytes in the human body?
A)
Lipids used for long-term energy storage
B)
Proteins that form cell membranes
C)
lons from dissociated salts that carry electrical charges
D)
Hormones that regulate metabolic rate
Osmosis causes water to move across cell membranes from areas with less solute to areas with more solute.
A)
True
B)
False
Which two constituents make up the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
A)
Intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
B)
Interstitial fluid and plasma
C)
Blood and plasma
D)
Lymph and plasma

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Sodium and chloride ions are concentrated in the extracellular fluid (ECF), while potassium ions are concentrated inside cells.
A)
True
B)
False
What is the total volume of water typically lost by an adult each day?
A)
300 mL
B)
2200 mL
C)
2500 mL
D)
1800 mL
When the body is dehydrated, how does it prompt an individual to drink more water?
A)
By increasing water content in tissues
B)
Through stimulation of the thirst response
C)
By producing more urine
D)
By lowering the body temperature
What leads to the activation of the thirst center in the hypothalamus?
A)
Increased plasma osmolality and decreased blood pressure
B)
High plasma volume and low osmolality
C)
Decreased sodium concentration in the blood
D)
Increased saliva production and full stomach

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What physiological responses occur when extracellular fluid (ECF) volume increases?
A)
Aldosterone production increases, promoting sodium retention
B)
ADH secretion is stimulated, increasing water retention
C)
Natriuretic peptides are released, promoting sodium and water excretion
D)
Thirst is increased, leading to more fluid intake
Diuresis refers to a decrease in urine production following fluid ingestion.
A)
True
B)
False
Which of the following best describes the overall effect of PTH on calcium and phosphate balance?
A)
Promotes calcium excretion and phosphate retention
B)
Increases both calcium and phosphate in the blood
C)
Decreases calcium and increases phosphate levels
D)
Increases calcium while promoting phosphate excretion
When blood calcium levels rise, calcitonin is released to:
A)
Promote calcium excretion by the kidneys
B)
Enhance calcium absorption from the gut
C)
Encourage calcium deposition into bone
D)
Stimulate bone resorption

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