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    Exam Review

    1. Commercial products containing which types of chemicals are more effective at killing microorganisms?
      A)
      Lead
      B)
      Carbohydrate
      C)
      Bacteriostatic
      D)
      Bactericidal
    2. Transcription occurs in the nucleus or at the nucleoid.
      A)
      false
      B)
      true
    3. A child exposed to cowpox develops immunity to smallpox. This demonstrates:
      A)
      Vaccination
      B)
      Antibiotic resistance
      C)
      Sterilization
    4. Antibiotic treatment disrupts intestinal bacteria and leads to infection. This shows the importance of:
      A)
      Resident microbiota
      B)
      Viral replication
      C)
      Endospores
    Page 1 of 26

    Exam Review

    1. An organism with a temperature growth range of 45 to 60°C would be called
      A)
      an extremophile.
      B)
      thermoduric.
      C)
      a facultative psychrophile.
      D)
      a thermophile.
      E)
      a psychrophile.
    2. Two enzymes act on a substrate and both are activated within the cell; therefore they are both exoenzymes.
      A)
      false
      B)
      true
    3. Physical methods of microbial control will typically sterilize, whereas chemical methods will only disinfect.
      A)
      false
      B)
      true
    4. The minimum number of microbes needed to cause infection is:
      A)
      Infectious dose
      B)
      Mutation rate
      C)
      Growth rate
    Page 2 of 26

    Exam Review

    1. A virus integrates its DNA into host chromosomes and contributes to cancer development. This virus is:
      A)
      Oncogenic virus
      B)
      Non-infectious virus
      C)
      Structural virus
    2. Virulence factors include all the following, except
      A)
      exoenzymes.
      B)
      endotoxins.
      C)
      ribosomes.
      D)
      exotoxins.
      E)
      capsules.
    3. Which bonds hold base pairs in DNA together?
      A)
      Hydrogen bonds
      B)
      Sulfhydryl bonds
      C)
      Nonpolar covalent bonds
      D)
      Peptide bonds
      E)
      Polar covalent bonds
    4. A virus immediately produces proteins from its RNA genome after infection. The genome is:
      A)
      Positive-sense RNA
      B)
      Negative-sense RNA
      C)
      Double-stranded RNA
    Page 3 of 26

    Exam Review

    1. The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are
      A)
      160°C for 2 hours.
      B)
      71.6°C for 15 seconds.
      C)
      100°C at 10 psi for 30 minutes.
      D)
      63°C at 5 psi for 30 minutes.
      E)
      121°C at 15 psi for 15 to 30 minutes.
    2. Which mutations cause a frameshift?
      A)
      Nonsense and deletion
      B)
      Missense and insertion
      C)
      Missense and nonsense
      D)
      Deletion and insertion
    3. The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is
      A)
      antisepsis.
      B)
      sanitization.
      C)
      sterilization.
      D)
      disinfection.
      E)
      degermation.
    4. The DNA of prokaryotes is located in the:
      A)
      Nucleus
      B)
      Nucleoid region
      C)
      Mitochondria
      D)
      Ribosome
    Page 4 of 26

    Exam Review

    1. Functions of the bacterial cell membrane include
      A)
      transport of nutrients in and out of the cell.
      B)
      replicating DNA.
      C)
      synthesizing proteins.
      D)
      secretion of cell metabolites into the extracellular environment.
      E)
      helping the cell maintain its shape.
    2. The function of bacterial endospores is
      A)
      to have sites for photosynthesis.
      B)
      for reproduction and growth.
      C)
      for protection of genetic material during harsh conditions.
      D)
      the storage of excess cell materials.
      E)
      to convert gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants.
    3. Which of the following codons are referred to STOP codons? Select all that apply.
      A)
      UAA
      B)
      UAG
      C)
      UUU
      D)
      UGA
    4. Exotoxins are:
      A)
      Secreted protein toxins
      B)
      Lipid toxins
      C)
      DNA toxins
    Page 5 of 26

    Exam Review

    1. Antimicrobics effective against only gram-positive bacteria would be termed
      A)
      semisynthetic drugs.
      B)
      antibiotics.
      C)
      broad-spectrum drugs.
      D)
      narrow-spectrum drugs.
      E)
      synthetic drugs.
    2. The amount of energy required to initiate every metabolic reaction is called
      A)
      activation energy.
      B)
      enzyme energy.
      C)
      cumulative energy.
      D)
      work energy.
    3. Helicase ________
      A)
      winds and zips RNA.
      B)
      unwinds and unzips RNA
      C)
      supercoils DNA.
      D)
      unwinds and unzips DNA.
    4. Disinfection of beverages, such as apple juice, milk, and wine, is optimally achieved by
      A)
      chlorination.
      B)
      boiling water.
      C)
      pasteurization.
      D)
      moist heat autoclave.
      E)
      filtration.
    Page 6 of 26