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    Exam Review

    1. A person has a pressure ulcer on their coccyx, and the top layer of the skin is lost and looks like a blister. What pressure ulcer stage is this?
      A)
      Stage 1
      B)
      Stage 4
      C)
      Stage 3
      D)
      Stage 2
    2. What is a characteristic of autosomal dominant disorders?
      A)
      Females are carriers when heterozygous, while males show signs of the disorder.
      B)
      These disorders are carried on the Y chromosome and can skip generations.
      C)
      An affected parent has a 50% probability of passing the disorder to each child.
      D)
      There is a 50% probability that each child will be born with the carrier genotype.
    3. What arterial blood gas result is expected when a person experiences prolonged nasogastric suctioning?
      A)
      pH 7.50, PaCO2 44 mm Hg, HCO3 28 mEq/L
      B)
      pH 7.34, PaCO2 45 mm Hg, HCO3 21 mEq/L
      C)
      pH 7.32, PaCO2 49 mm Hg, HCO3 26 mEq/L
      D)
      pH 7.46, PaCO2 29 mm Hg, HCO3 25 mEq/L
    4. What person is at the highest risk for developing pneumonia?
      A)
      A 21-year-old person with facial trauma after a bicycle accident
      B)
      A 72-year-old person with osteoarthritis and chronic knee pain
      C)
      A 48-year-old person with a history of elevated cholesterol levels
      D)
      A 69-year-old person with a primary immunodeficiency disorder
    Page 1 of 19

    Exam Review

    1. A person who is lethargic with dry mucous membranes reports having watery diarrhea and feeling lightheaded and will most likely have which additional manifestation of dehydration?
      A)
      Bradycardia
      B)
      Eupnea
      C)
      Orthostatic hypotension
      D)
      Elevated blood pressure
    2. What complication occurs when a person has Cushing syndrome?
      A)
      Increased pigmentation of the skin
      B)
      Increased weight loss
      C)
      Decreased blood pressure
      D)
      Decreased immune response
    3. What is the best description of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?
      A)
      Bone resorption exceeds bone formation, leading to fragile bones.
      B)
      An abnormal immune response resulting in synovitis and cartilage deterioration.
      C)
      Articular cartilage is damaged through erosion resulting from excessive mechanical stress.
      D)
      A bone infection that is typically caused by bacteria.
    4. What are the effects of cortisol during the stress response? (Select all that apply)
      (SATA)
      A)
      Decreased wound healing
      B)
      Increased gastric acid secretion
      C)
      Increased blood glucose
      D)
      Increased immune response
      E)
      Decreased blood pressure
    Page 2 of 19

    Exam Review

    1. Portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis may cause which manifestation?
      A)
      Ascites
      B)
      Hypoalbuminemia
      C)
      Hypoglycemia
      D)
      Hyperkalemia
    2. What is the best description of the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?
      A)
      Metabolic deficit of dystrophin leads to necrosis of muscle cells.
      B)
      Infection of the bone caused by bacteria or fungi.
      C)
      Loss of bone matrix resulting in thin, fragile bones.
      D)
      Degenerative joint disease resulting in loss of cartilage.
    3. Which laboratory value is expected with Graves' disease?
      A)
      Decreased calcium
      B)
      Decreased T4
      C)
      Increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
      D)
      Increased T3
    4. What condition may cause edema?
      A)
      Excessive plasma proteins
      B)
      Lymph node dysfunction
      C)
      Decreased capillary permeability
      D)
      Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
    Page 3 of 19

    Exam Review

    1. What is the best description of Addison's disease?
      A)
      It is caused by the overproduction of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid gland.
      B)
      It is caused by a lack of insulin production by the pancreas.
      C)
      It is caused by the lack of cortisol and aldosterone production by the adrenal gland.
      D)
      It is caused by the overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
    2. Which cellular adaptation would occur in a client who has enlargement of the cells in the heart due to heart failure?
      A)
      Hypertrophy
      B)
      Dysplasia
      C)
      Neoplasia
      D)
      Metaplasia
    3. Which pathophysiologic process causes redness with acute inflammation?
      A)
      Platelet-activating factor
      B)
      Vasodilation
      C)
      Increased capillary permeability
      D)
      Vasoconstriction
    4. Which pathophysiological process best describes Alzheimer's disease?
      A)
      Abnormal tau proteins that damage the frontal lobe.
      B)
      Blood vessels become damaged in the brain and interrupt blood flow.
      C)
      Repeated traumatic brain injuries causing encephalopathy.
      D)
      Amyloid plaques and tau tangles that damage the hippocampus.
    Page 4 of 19

    Exam Review

    1. What is status asthmaticus?
      A)
      A chronic form of asthma that causes persistent symptoms
      B)
      An asthma attack that is triggered by vigorous exercise
      C)
      A mild asthma attack that resolves with bronchodilators
      D)
      A severe asthma attack that does not respond to therapy
    2. What type of pain does a client experience immediately after spraining their ankle?
      A)
      Visceral
      B)
      Chronic
      C)
      Acute
      D)
      Referred
    3. What manifestation indicates poor perfusion?
      A)
      Warm skin
      B)
      Pink nailbeds
      C)
      Strong pulses
      D)
      Pale lips
    4. What is the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange?
      A)
      Hemoglobin stores oxygen in the lungs for when the demand is increased.
      B)
      Hemoglobin prevents carbon dioxide from entering into the bloodstream.
      C)
      Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body.
      D)
      Hemoglobin produces oxygen for increased delivery to the body’s tissues.
    Page 5 of 19

    Exam Review

    1. What situation(s) may cause an intrarenal acute kidney injury (AKI)? (Select all that apply)
      A)
      Pyelonephritis
      B)
      Nephrotoxins
      C)
      Bladder tumor
      D)
      Dehydration
      E)
      Ureteral obstruction
    2. What action should a person with sickle cell anemia take to prevent a sickling crisis?
      A)
      Take prescribed pain medications
      B)
      Avoid high altitudes
      C)
      Eat a high-protein, high-fat diet
      D)
      Avoid becoming dehydrated
    3. What manifestation(s) are expected when a person has a pulmonary embolus? (Select all that apply)
      A)
      Red warm skin
      B)
      Dizziness
      C)
      Bradycardia
      D)
      Hypoxia
      E)
      Chest pain
      F)
      Tachypnea
    4. What manifestation is an indication of increased intracranial pressure?
      A)
      Hyperthermia
      B)
      Confusion
      C)
      Hypotension
      D)
      Angina
    Page 6 of 19